Slope stability analysis is a static or dynamic, analytical or empirical method to evaluate the stability of earth and rock-fill dams, embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and rock. Slope stability refers to the condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement. The stability condition of slopes is a subject of study and research in soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Analyses are generally aimed at understanding the causes of an occurred slope failure, or the factors that can potentially trigger a slope movement, resulting in a landslide, as well as at preventing the initiation of such movement, slowing it down or arresting it through mitigation countermeasures.
Chemical degradation means the changes in the composition of minerals in rock with oxidation, reduction, carbonation, and other chemical processes. Generally, chemical degradation is more important than physical degradation in soil formation [8,9,10]. Typically, soils are named as gravel, sand, silt, and clay based on the particle size in geotechnical engineering design. The geological history of soils determines its engineering behavior [11]. Gravels, sands, and silts are formed by the results of physical and moderate chemical weathering processes. Gravels are small pieces of rock and contain several minerals. Sands are smaller particles, and usually, each particle consists of a single mineral. If it is found difficult to see an individual particle that make up the soil, then the soil is silt or clay or consists of a mixture of these [12,13,14,15,16].
geotechnical engineering principles and practices pdf coduto.67
The standard classification system that is commonly used nowadays in civil engineering applications is the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) [19] and the classification systems of the American State Highway and Transport Office Association (AASHTO) [20]. In some countries, in addition to this system, own country standards are also used. Hence, it can be predicted how the encountered soil will behave in the field [21]. With the identification of clayey soils at the site, one can efficiently ensure proper construction practices required for it.
It can be classified as temporary improvement methods applied during the construction phase, permanent improvement methods applied without mixing any materials to the soil, and improvement methods applied by mixing various materials. Microstructural investigations are frequently used in geotechnical engineering, especially in the stabilization of clay soils [70,71]. As a result of reactions between clay soil and additives, changes in its microstructure are examined. Additives such as lime and cement are added. However, wastes such as fly ash, metal slag, and marble waste, produced as industrial waste, are also used. The soils are mixed with one or more additives to improve engineering properties [69,74,75]. 2ff7e9595c
Comments